MONTHLY GLOBAL TROPICAL CYCLONE SUMMARY
NOVEMBER, 2004
Second Installment
(For general comments about the nature of these summaries, as well as
information on how to download the tabular cyclone track files, see
the Author's Note at the end of this summary.)
SPECIAL NOTE: The November summary is being issued in two installments.
The first one covered the North Indian and Southwest Indian Ocean basins
and contained the Feature of the Month. This second installment covers
the Atlantic and Northwest Pacific basins.
*************************************************************************
NOVEMBER HIGHLIGHTS
--> Philippines experience deadly visits from tropical systems
--> Surprise Atlantic storm forms on last day of official season
--> Two storms--one intense--form in Southwest Indian Ocean
--> Arabian Sea cyclone forms almost on equator
*************************************************************************
***** Feature of the Month for November *****
NOTE!!! The Feature of the Month was contained in the first installment
of the November summary.
*************************************************************************
ACTIVITY BY BASINS
ATLANTIC (ATL) - North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico
Activity for November: 1 tropical storm
Sources of Information
----------------------
Most of the information presented below was obtained from the
various tropical cyclone products issued by the Tropical Prediction
Center/National Hurricane Center (TPC/NHC) in Miami, Florida:
discussions, public advisories, forecast/advisories, tropical weather
outlooks, special tropical disturbance statements, etc. Some
additional information may have been gleaned from the monthly
summaries prepared by the hurricane specialists and available on
TPC/NHC's website. All references to sustained winds imply a
1-minute averaging period unless otherwise noted.
Atlantic Tropical Activity for November
---------------------------------------
A non-tropical LOW in the central Atlantic in late November began to
acquire subtropical characteristics as the end of the month drew nigh.
By midday on 30 November--the last day of the official 2004 Atlantic
hurricane season--Tropical Storm Otto was christened after the system
had developed tropical characteristics. The last time that a tropical
storm was named on 30 November was in 1989 when Tropical Storm Karen
formed in the northwestern Caribbean Sea. Hurricanes Nicole and Olga
of 1998 and 2001, respectively, were still operating at the end of the
June to November season and continued into the month of December. And
in 2003 Tropical Storms Odette and Peter both formed during the first
week of December.
A couple of other systems which occurred during November deserve some
mention. During the second week of the month an area of disturbed
weather formed just north of Panama and extended northeastward across
the central Caribbean to Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. The convective
activity was triggered by the interaction of an elongated area of low
pressure and an upper-level trough. The system's organization improved
during the afternoon of 9 November and the STWOs issued by TPC/NHC
mentioned the possibility that a tropical or subtropical cyclone could
form in the area. Upper-level winds remained only marginally favorable
for strengthening and the system was never able to develop well-enough
to be classified as a depression. The primary threat presented by the
LOW was the potential for very heavy rainfall with attendant flooding
and mudslides in the Antilles.
A large non-tropical low-pressure system formed on 11 November and
was located about 600 nm southwest of the southernmost Azores Islands.
Gales had developed and some convection was beginning to form near the
LLCC. The potential for subtropical storm development was mentioned in
the STWOs issued by TPC/NHC, but upper-level winds remained unfavorable
for further subtropical or tropical development of this system.
A short report on Tropical Storm Otto, based on the official TPC/NHC
storm report, follows.
TROPICAL STORM OTTO
(TC-16)
27 November - 5 December
--------------------------------------------
Tropical Storm Otto's origins lay with a cold front which emerged
off the East Coast of the United States on 21 November. This front
moved slowly eastward and eventually stalled about midway between
Bermuda and the Azores Islands on the 25th. An extratropical LOW had
formed along the front about 1000 nm southwest of the Azores by 0000
UTC on 26 November. Later on the same day the occluded surface low-
pressure system deepened and gales began to affect a large area. The
upper-level trough which had initiated the LOW's development continued
to dig southward and formed a cut-off LOW to the south of the surface
LOW late on the 26th.
The surface and upper-level LOWs moved southwestward slowly in tandem
for a couple of days. Late on the 28th weak ridging to the north of the
upper-level LOW formed over the surface LOW and convective banding
features began to develop near the LLCC. Also, surface data and analyses
indicated that the cyclone's frontal structure had dissipated. In post-
analysis it was determined that the system had acquired subtropical storm
characteristics by around 1200 UTC on 29 November while centered about
1000 nm east-southeast of Bermuda. The subtropical LOW then began moving
northwestward through a weakness in the mid-level subtropical ridge
located to the north. Convection continued to increase over the LLCC
and AMSU satellite-derived temperature data indicated that the system had
transformed into a warm-core tropical cyclone by the 30th. The first
advisory on Tropical Storm Otto was issued at 2100 UTC, locating the
center approximately 700 nm east of Bermuda.
During its life as a tropical storm Otto meandered over relatively
cool SSTs of around 21-23 C in a region of relatively weak vertical
shear, but a marginally favorable upper-level flow pattern allowed the
cyclone to maintain some central deep convection. Otto turned slowly
southeastward on 1 December as vertical shear increased, causing the
system to begin slowly weakening. Mid-level dry air entrainment also
contributed to Otto's demise. The storm was downgraded to a tropical
depression at 1200 UTC on 2 December, and Otto became a non-convective
remnant LOW on 3 December about 800 nm southeast of Bermuda.
Operationally, Otto's peak MSW was estimated at 45 kts at 0600 UTC
on 1 December. However, the "best track" indicates that the peak
intensity of 45 kts occurred during the subtropical storm stage and
that during the tropical storm portion of Otto's life the MSW never
exceeded 40 kts.
This report was condensed from the official TPC/NHC storm report on
Tropical Storm Otto, authored by Stacy Stewart. The report may be
accessed at the following URL:
<http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2004otto.shtml?>
The report seems to indicate that Otto was named as a subtropical storm
on 29 November. However, the name was not assigned until the first
advisory as a tropical storm was issued at 30/2100 UTC. NHC employs
a fairly restrictive definition of a subtropical storm, i.e., not all
"hybrid" storm systems--not even all non-frontal systems--are considered
subtropical storms. There is a broad spectrum of cyclone types based on
their energetics and thermal characteristics, and the boundaries between
the three primary categories of tropical, subtropical and extratropical
are somewhat fuzzy. Hence, it is not always possible to make the best
determination as to how to classify a cyclone in real time, and very
often it is during the post-storm analysis process that it is decided to
reclassify a non-tropical LOW as a subtropical cyclone. Such was the
case with the early stages of Tropical Storm Peter in December of 2003,
and with the June, 1997, and October, 2000, subtropical storms.
(Brief report written by Gary Padgett, based upon TPC/NHC storm report
written by Stacy Stewart)
*************************************************************************
NORTHEAST PACIFIC (NEP) - North Pacific Ocean East of Longitude 180
Activity for November: No tropical cyclones
*************************************************************************
NORTHWEST PACIFIC (NWP) - North Pacific Ocean West of Longitude 180
Activity for November: 3 tropical depressions **
1 tropical storm ++
1 typhoon
1 super typhoon
** - two of these were classified as tropical depressions by JMA only;
another by JMA and PAGASA
++ - classified as a tropical storm by several Asian TCWCs but not
by JTWC
Sources of Information
----------------------
Most of the information presented below is based upon tropical
cyclone warnings and significant tropical weather outlooks issued
by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center of the U. S. Air Force and
Navy (JTWC), located at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In the companion
tropical cyclone tracks file, I normally annotate track coordinates
from some of the various Asian warning centers when their center
positions differ from JTWC's by usually 40-50 nm or more. All
references to sustained winds imply a 1-minute averaging period
unless otherwise noted.
Michael V. Padua of Naga City in the Philippines, owner of the
Typhoon 2000 website, normally sends me cyclone tracks based upon
warnings issued by the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA). Also, Huang Chunliang of Fuzhou City, China,
sends data taken from synoptic observations around the Northwest
Pacific basin. A very special thanks to Michael and Chunliang for
the assistance they so reliably provide.
In the title line for each storm I have referenced all the cyclone
names/numbers I have available: JTWC's depression number, the
JMA-assigned name (if any), JMA's tropical storm numeric designator,
and PAGASA's name for systems forming in or passing through their
area of warning responsibility.
Northwest Pacific Tropical Activity for November
------------------------------------------------
Tropical cyclone activity in November was somewhat above the average,
and the Philippines--the island of Luzon in particular--was the target
of all the named tropical systems forming during the month. After
following an erratic course and executing a loop just east of central
Luzon, Typhoon Muifa/Unding dropped southwestward and struck the south-
eastern portion of the island on the 19th. Only four days later, minor
Tropical Storm Merbok/Violeta struck eastern Luzon. During the closing
days of November, the weak but quite wet Tropical Depression Winnie
brought more misery to the island in the form of torrential rainfall
which led to flash flooding and landslides. Finally, as the month ended
Super Typhoon Nanmadol/Yoyong developed south of Guam and raced at a
very fast clip toward the Philippines, crossing central Luzon on the
2nd of December. Reports on all these tropical cyclones follow, three
being written by Kevin Boyle with significant contributions by Huang
Chunliang and Michael V. Padua.
Because Unding, Violeta, Winnie and Yoyong (their PAGASA names) all
affected the Philippines within a space of two weeks, it is all but
impossible to determine the exact number of casualties caused by each
one. Information contained in Kevin Boyle's report on Typhoon Nanmadol
(the last one) indicates that over 1000 deaths were related to the parade
of tropical cyclones. More information on the effects of these storms in
the Philippines may be found at the following URL:
<http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/dbc.nsf/doc100?openForm>
Additionally there were two weak systems which were classified as
tropical depressions by JMA only. The first of these formed on the 16th
west-southwest of Guam and remained essentially stationary through the
18th. This disturbance was given a fair potential for development at one
point by JTWC, but no TCFA was issued. The second weak system formed a
few hundred miles east of central Luzon on 21 November and was classed as
a tropical depression by JMA for only 12 hours. This weak disturbance
was not mentioned by JTWC in their STWOs. No tracks were included for
these weak systems in the companion tropical cyclone tracks file.
TYPHOON MUIFA
(TC-29W / TY 0425 / UNDING)
14 - 26 November
-----------------------------------------------
Muifa: contributed by Macau, is a type of plum blossom which can
withstand very cold weather--also represents a strong-minded
Chinese
A. Storm Origins
----------------
The disturbance that was to become Typhoon Muifa was first mentioned
in JTWC's STWO at 1600 UTC 13 November when it was located approximately
215 nm north of Palau. At this time, development of a significant
tropical cyclone was assessed as 'poor'. A TCFA was issued at 13/2000
UTC after the system showed a rapid spurt in development, and the first
warning followed at 14/0000 UTC. At this time Tropical Depression 29W
exhibited a partially-exposed LLCC with the strongest convection in the
western semicircle. The disorganized-looking cyclone tracked westward,
accelerating to around 14 kts along the southern boundary of the sub-
ridge situated to the north, and became a 35-kt tropical storm at
14/1200 UTC when it was centred 550 nm east-southeast of Manila,
Philippines. It was named Muifa at 14/1800 UTC after JMA upped their
10-min avg MSW to 35 kts. PAGASA had assigned the name Unding at 14/0000
UTC after the tropical cyclone had invaded their area of responsibility.
B. Synoptic History
-------------------
At 0000 UTC 15 November Tropical Storm Muifa/Unding was moving west-
northwest at 9 kts approximately 430 nm east-southeast of Manila,
Philippines. The system didn't look that much more impressive with most
of the deep convection separated from the LLCC. Also, it was discovered
that the centre was positioned further east than previously analysed.
The MSW remained at the 35-kt threshold for the rest of the day, although
Muifa gradually became more organized. At 16/0000 UTC the tropical
cyclone turned abruptly towards the north-northeast and decelerated to
4 kts. At this time it was relocated to a position 300 nm east of
Manila, based on multi-spectral and microwave fixes which clearly showed
the LLCC east-southeast of the deep convection. Muifa turned back onto
a west-northwesterly heading and began to intensify. At the time of the
next relocation at 16/0600 UTC, the MSW had climbed to 45 kts and this
repositioning placed the centre closer to Manila, approximately 215 nm
to the east, and under the deep convection. Muifa continued to
strengthen and reached an intensity of 55 kts by 16/1800 UTC. At this
time it appeared much better organised in satellite imagery.
At 0000 UTC 17 November Tropical Storm Muifa/Unding was creeping
slowly westwards approximately 140 nm east of Manila, Philippines. It
was upgraded to a 65-kt typhoon at 17/0600 UTC, but convection had waned
somewhat despite the fact that microwave imagery revealed the early
development of an eye. Erratic movement commenced at 17/1200 UTC and
Muifa began the first leg of its clockwise loop which took a couple of
days to complete. Strengthening had continued and by 17/1800 UTC the
intensity had reached 90 kts. The centre of the typhoon was located
170 nm east-northeast of Manila at this time. Muifa's MSW reached
100 kts at 18/0000 UTC as it moved northwards at around 2 kts. The eye
became better defined in multi-spectral imagery at 18/0600 UTC when the
storm came to a virtual standstill. At 18/1200 UTC Muifa peaked at
115 kts before beginning a marked weakening phase at 18/1800 UTC. The
MSW at this time had decreased to 105 kts. At this time, the northern
eyewall had eroded with the strongest convection located in the southern
portion. The tropical cyclone had veered to a slow southeasterly
heading, seemingly moving away from the Philippines.
Typhoon Muifa/Unding weakened further to 95 kts at 0000 UTC
19 November as its heading slowly pivoted towards the southwest
approximately 200 nm east-northeast of Manila, Philippines. The storm's
forward motion began to increase at 19/0600 UTC as it sank south-
southwestward towards southern Luzon. Muifa/Unding made landfall at
19/1300 UTC in the vicinity of Naga City with a MSW of 70 kts. The
system staggered its way across the Philippine Archipelago, weakening as
it went, and was downgraded to a 60-kt tropical storm at 20/0600 UTC.
This intensity was maintained for the rest of the day. By this time,
Muifa/Unding was centred 135 nm south-southwest of Manila, having emerged
into the South China Sea. At 21/0000 UTC a small increase in the MSW to
65 kts meant that Muifa was upgraded back to typhoon intensity. Further
strengthening occurred as the tropical cyclone made its way west to west-
southwestwards across the warm waters of the South China Sea, and by
21/1800 UTC Muifa had re-strengthened into a 90-kt typhoon approximately
440 nm east of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
A slight weakening occurred at 0000 UTC 22 November as Muifa continued
its way westward towards Vietnam. This heading was taking the storm into
an environment of drier air and increasing vertical shear. At 22/0600
UTC the intensity was down to 75 kts, and by 22/1800 UTC Muifa was a
minimal typhoon located approximately 320 nm east of Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam. At this time, the cyclone's motion was still a rather wobbly
west-southwest to southwest movement, and the forward speed had slowed to
around 4 kts. Muifa held onto typhoon status until 23/1200 UTC when the
MSW fell below 65 kts. The system continued to slowly sink generally
towards the southwest, maintaining 55-kt winds for awhile during the
24th, but the intensity further dropped to 45 kts at 24/1200 UTC when it
was centred 215 nm southeast of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The LLCC had,
by this time, become partially-exposed and was moving in a different
direction to that of the deep convection. At 24/1800 UTC microwave
imagery indicated the LLCC was further west than previously analyzed,
supporting a relocation to a position 160 nm south-southwest of Ho Chi
Minh City.
At 0000 UTC 25 November Tropical Storm Muifa was picking up steam and
had veered onto a westerly course at a forward speed of 21 kts. The
system continued to weaken and was downgraded to tropical depression
status at 25/1200 UTC after the MSW had fallen to 30 kts. Six hours
later, Muifa was located off southern Thailand and passing approximately
250 nm south of Bangkok. Interaction with the terrain of Thailand
finished the storm off and the best way to describe the LLCC was as a
disorganized mess. At 26/0000 UTC Muifa turned northward into an
environment of increased wind shear and as the intensity had fallen to
25 kts, JTWC issued the final warning on Typhoon Muifa. The final
position was 120 nm south-southwest of Bangkok. JMA had ceased issuing
bulletins at 25/1200 UTC.
At its peak intensity, Typhoon Muifa was representative of an average-
sized storm with the radius of 64-kt winds extending up to 25 nm from the
centre while gales lay up to 90 nm in the northern semicircle. The 34-kt
wind radii in the southwestern and southeastern quadrants were 110 nm and
80 nm, respectively.
JMA's estimated peak intensity was 80 kts (10-min avg) with the lowest
CP at 955 mb. This strength meant that JMA classified Muifa as a Severe
Typhoon. Also, HKO, CWB and TMD estimated Muifa as an 80-kt typhoon.
NMCC considered Muifa as a stronger 90-kt storm while PAGASA's maximum
intensity during the period it was within their area of responsibility
was 65 kts.
C. Damage and Casualties
------------------------
The death toll reported from the Philippines, based on data released
by the Philippines' National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC), stands
at 68 dead, 160 injured, and 69 unaccounted for. A total of 26,238 houses
were destroyed and 76,062 damaged.
Cost estimates include (in pesos):
Agriculture: 405.3 million
Fisheries: 76.1 million
Infrastructure: 371.0 million
Transmission Facilities: 26.6 million
School Facilities: 130.0 million
Total: 1,008.9 million
Typhoon Muifa also had a destructive impact on Vietnam. Floods and
landslides triggered by the typhoon killed about 40 people, and 40 more
people were reported missing. There were also many villages in the
mountains which needed urgent relief but which could not be quickly
reached. Hoi An, which is the town of world heritage, was hit by the
flood, and more than 80 old houses were in danger of collapse.
D. Huang Chunliang Report from the Philippines
----------------------------------------------
=== Brief Report on Typhoon UNDING {MUIFA} ===
(Rainfall Obs from Philippines)
Only daily amounts >= 100 mm listed:
BORONGAN (WMO98553 11.65N 125.43E) 103.6 mm [14/00-15/00Z]
CATANDUANES RADAR (WMO98447 13.98N 124.32E) 246.4 mm [15/00-16/00Z]
VIRAC (WMO98446 13.58N 124.23E) 207.3 mm [15/00-16/00Z]
CATARMAN (WMO98546 12.50N 124.63E) 122.0 mm [15/00-16/00Z]
CATANDUANES RADAR (WMO98447 13.98N 124.32E) 182.4 mm [16/00-17/00Z]
PILI (WMO98442 13.57N 123.27E) 151.2 mm [16/00-17/00Z]
DAET (WMO98440 14.13N 122.98E) 127.6 mm [16/00-17/00Z]
VIRAC (WMO98446 13.58N 124.23E) 123.0 mm [16/00-17/00Z]
SAN JOSE (WMO98531 12.35N 121.03E) 171.4 mm [20/00-21/00Z]
TAYABAS (WMO98427 14.03N 121.58E) 103.1 mm [20/00-21/00Z]
E. Huang Chunliang Report from Thailand
---------------------------------------
=== Brief Report on Typhoon MUIFA from Thailand ===
1. Landfall
-----------
According to the TMD warnings, Tropical Depression MUIFA made landfall
near Amphoe Tha Chana, Surat Thani Province around 25/1500 UTC with a MSW
of 30 knots.
2. Rainfall (Only 24-hr amounts >= 100 mm listed)
-------------------------------------------------
PRACHUAP KHIRIKHAN (WMO48500 11.83N 99.83E) 173.4 mm [25/00-26/00Z]
PRACHUAP KHIRIKHAN (WMO48500 11.83N 99.83E) 251.5 mm [25/06-26/06Z]
PRACHUAP KHIRIKHAN (WMO48500 11.83N 99.83E) 235.8 mm [25/18-26/18Z]
F. Michael Padua Report from Naga City, Philippines
---------------------------------------------------
Michael V. Padua, an amateur meteorologist in Naga City and owner
of the Typhoon 2000 website, had a Close Encounter of the Third Kind
with Typhoon Muifa when the cyclone made landfall near his home.
Michael gained a considerable amount of publicity when, convinced that
the typhoon was headed for the Naga City area but with the official
PAGASA warnings continuing to forecast the storm to head northwestward
away from the region, called the mayor of Naga City and advised him
to make emergency preparations for Typhoon Muifa. Because of Michael's
action, residents of Naga City were somewhat better prepared for the
arrival of the typhoon than they would have been otherwise.
Following is a portion of Michael's write-up about his experiences
(slightly edited):
"As I woke up around 6:30 in the morning (2230 UTC) of 19 November,
I quickly opened the monitor and refreshed the browser to get the
latest satellite image and GOES animation that showed that the system
was starting to track more southerly. This prompted me to call our
local PAGASA (office) to advise them about the imminent danger. They
told me that their main office in Manila still believed that the storm
would move west-northwest. At around 10:00 AM (0200 UTC), I drove
to our school (Naga College Foundation) and stepped into my office
where I got the latest satellite image which continued to show the
southward drift of Muifa accelerating a bit--that was barely 12 hours
before the eyewall passage over Naga. I had already taken some video
of the approach of the outer bands. The pressure reading at the time
was still high (1008.7 hPa) with winds gusting up to 14 kts, blowing
from the northwest.
"As of 11:00 AM (0300 UTC), I received the latest PAGASA bulletin
that still showed no Philippine Storm Warning Signals raised over our
area. This prompted me again to call up our local PAGASA (office) for
the second time around. Then at around 3:00 PM (0700 UTC), I went home
to have a late lunch and created a last-minute animation of Muifa.
After finishing the animation it was already 4:00 in the afternoon!
That was barely six hours before Muifa's destructive approach. By that
time the pressure had already dropped to 1004.7 hPa with northwesterly
winds reaching 22 kts. I checked the 3:30 PM (0730 UTC) satellite
image which showed that Muifa had accelerated further towards the
south to south-southwest. I decided to call our city mayor to advise
him that we must prepare for the possible nighttime approach of Muifa.
I also told him that PAGASA had not yet raised any storm signals over
our area. I explained to him that our city should be under Storm
Signal Number 3, which means that winds of more than 54 kts could be
expected in at least 18 hours, and we were only six hours away from
the destructive winds!
"The mayor thanked me right away and called an emergency meeting,
also notifying the radio stations regarding the danger Naga had to
face. Around 4:30 in the afternoon, I quickly drove back to my office,
where many students of our college were waiting for me to post what
signal we were in. As I plotted the latest position of Muifa (based
on the most recent satellite image), I posted the Signal Number 3 an
hour before the official PAGASA bulletin went out! At that time all
classes and offices were suspended. Then as the PAGASA bulletin went
out around 5:30 PM--the signal was still Number 2!
"At around 10:00 in the evening, the worst of the typhoon arrived!
My Davis Vantage Pro weather station recorded 10-min avg winds of up
to 43 kts (NW to N) with gusts reaching 71 kts (north). The highest
rain rate was 18 inches (457 mm) per hour, and the lowest pressure
recorded was 986.1 hPa at 10:14 PM (1414 UTC). I heard the sound of
flying debris and falling trees outside the house as the winds
continued to scream. I was then waiting for the sudden lull, but
there was no calm. Then, at 11:00 PM the storm's eyewall began to
move farther away from Naga, as confirmed by the rapidly increasing
pressure which was already up to 992.7 hPa. The 10-min avg winds
had diminished to only 27 kts, blowing from the north to northeast
(gusting to only 38 kts). By midnight on 20 November the winds had
dramatically died down to an average of only 16 kts coming from the
east. At around 02:00 AM it was eerily calm as if nothing had
happened! I took a 4-hour sleep afterwards."
To recap, following are the particulars of Michael's location and
his observations:
Date: 19-20 November 2004
Location: Naga City, Philippines
Lat/Lon: 13.6N/123.2E
Instrument: Davis Vantage Pro Weather Station (March 2004 Model)
Highest Wind Speed (gust): North 71 kts at 1400 UTC 19 November
Lowest Barometric Pressure: 986.1 hPa at 1414 UTC 10 November
Highest Rainfall Rate: 457 mm/hour at 1343 UTC 19 November
Storm Total Rainfall: 306.5 mm (14-20 November)
(Report written by Kevin Boyle with significant contributions by
Huang Chunliang and Michael V. Padua)
TROPICAL STORM MERBOK
(TS 0426 / VIOLETA)
22 - 23 November
-----------------------------------------
Merbok: contributed by Malaysia, is the spotted-necked dove, most
commonly found in rural areas and in wastelands, and is popular
as a caged bird by Malaysians
A. Storm History
----------------
Tropical Storm Merbok emanated from a disturbance located in the
Philippine Sea and was first recognized as Tropical Depression Violeta
by PAGASA at 0000 UTC 22 November when that agency began issuing
warnings. Six hours later, JMA began writing bulletins and upgraded the
system to a 35-kt tropical storm at 22/1200 UTC, naming the tropical
cyclone Merbok. Tropical Storm Merbok tracked slowly towards the
northwest and made landfall south of Baer on the east coast of Luzon.
The storm's intensity held steady at 35 kts (its peak strength) as it
ambled its way across the mountains of Luzon, finally emerging off the
northwest coast at 0600 UTC 23 November. By this time, Merbok had lost
most or all of its deep convection, the remnants continuing slowly north-
westwards before dissipating southwest of Taiwan. Both JMA and PAGASA
ceased warning coverage at 23/0600 UTC.
PAGASA kept Merbok/Violeta below tropical storm intensity and
estimated a peak intensity of 30 kts for this system. JMA estimated a
peak intensity of 35 kts with a minimum CP of 998 mb. Other agencies to
regard Merbok as a 35-kt tropical storm were NMCC, CWB and TMD while
the maximum intensity of Merbok per HKO advisories was 30 kts. JTWC
issued no warnings and failed to acknowledge the existence of the
disturbance in their STWOs.
Tropical Storm Merbok added to the misery caused by Typhoon Muifa/
Unding in the Philippines, killing 31 people and injuring 187 others.
In addition, 17 persons were reported missing. A total of 337 houses
were destroyed and 1,286 damaged. Total estimated damage reached
253 million pesos with agriculture especially hard hit (210 million
pesos.)
B. Huang Chunliang Report
-------------------------
=== Brief Report on Tropical Storm VIOLETA {MERBOK} ===
(Rainfall Obs from Philippines)
Only daily amounts >= 100 mm listed:
CASIGURAN (WMO98336 16.28N 122.12E) 185.2 mm [22/00-23/00Z]
TUGUEGARAO (WMO98233 17.62N 121.73E) 129.3 mm [22/00-23/00Z]
C. Additional Discussion
------------------------
This system was classified as only a tropical depression by
PAGASA and HKO. Agencies classifying Merbok as a tropical storm
included JMA, NMCC, CWB of Taiwan, and the Meteorological Department
of Thailand. I asked Dr. Karl Hoarau to perform an analysis of this
tropical cyclone and his conclusion was that Merbok was a tropical
storm from around 0000 UTC on 22 November through landfall on Luzon
at 1500 UTC that same day, peaking at 40 kts (1-min avg) at 0600
UTC. The Merbok system was never mentioned in the STWOs issued by
JTWC. (This paragraph added by Gary Padgett.)
(Report written by Kevin Boyle with contributions by Huang Chunliang)
TROPICAL DEPRESSION WINNIE
27 - 30 November
----------------------------------------------
Tropical Depression Winnie was a large, sloppily-organized system
which brought torrential rains to Luzon, resulting in deadly flashfloods
and landslides. Winnie was named by PAGASA when it formed east of the
central Philippines on 27 November. JMA and the Central Weather Bureau
of Taiwan were the only other agencies classifying Winnie as a tropical
depression. A TCFA was issued by JTWC on the 29th but was cancelled
the next day. The system formed east of the central Philippines on
27 November and moved west-northwestward over southeastern Luzon on
the 29th. After moving well-inland over Luzon, Winnie turned to a
more north-northwesterly track up the west side of the island and
was last mentioned at 0000 UTC on the 30th when it was located along
the northwestern Luzon coast.
According to information received from Michael Padua of Naga City,
news media reports in the Philippines indicated that more than
300 persons lost their lives during the passage of Tropical Depression
Winnie, primarily due to massive flashfloods and landslides in Quezon
and Aurora Provinces triggered by the attendant heavy rains.
(Brief report written by Gary Padgett)
SUPER TYPHOON NANMADOL
(TC-30W / TY 0427 / YOYONG)
28 November - 4 December
-----------------------------------------------
Nanmadol: contributed by Micronesia, is a famous Pohnpei ruin,
sometimes known as the "Venice of the Pacific"
A. Storm Origins
----------------
Super Typhoon Nanmadol developed from a cluster of thunderstorms that
was first mentioned in JTWC's STWO at 2200 UTC 27 November when it was
located approximately 155 nm south-southwest of Pohnpei. Development
potential was assessed as 'fair' and animated enhanced infrared satellite
imagery revealed disorganized deep convection consolidating over a
possible LLCC. An upper-level analysis revealed good poleward and
equatorward diffluence and wind shear in the area was light. A TCFA was
issued at 28/0300 UTC after a rapid increase in deep convection was noted
over the LLCC and water vapor imagery showed an increasing radial
outflow. This statement was followed by the first warning at 28/1800 UTC
which centred the newly-formed Tropical Depression 30W some 690 nm east-
southeast of Yap. The system was headed in a westerly direction through
a low to moderate wind shear environment south of the subtropical ridge.
Tropical Depression 31W quickly developed into Tropical Storm Nanmadol
when both JTWC and JMA upgraded their respective MSW estimates to 35 kts
at 29/0000 UTC.
B. Synoptic History
-------------------
The Prognostic Reasoning Message issued at 0000 UTC 29 November was
not encouraging to say the least. There was high confidence in the long-
term forecasts that Nanmadol would make landfall over Luzon, Philippines,
an area that had suffered disastrously from heavy rains and flooding from
the recent spate of tropical cyclone activity. Nanmadol continued to
strengthen and reached typhoon intensity at 29/1200 UTC after passing
south of Satawal earlier in the day. At this time infrared and water
vapor imagery indicated a very large and symmetric central dense overcast
and strong radial outflow in all directions. Also, there were signs of
a warm spot, a sign of eye formation. After its upgrade, the storm's
track curved onto a west-northwesterly track which would be maintained
for several more days to come. At 29/1500 UTC Typhoon Nanmadol was
passing the island of Woleai and the intensity had climbed to 75 kts by
29/1800 UTC.
Intensification eased for awhile as Typhoon Nanmadol continued its
brisk west-northwestward heading towards Yap en route to the Philippines.
At 0000 UTC 30 November the storm was located approximately 180 nm east-
southeast of Yap. Nanmadol passed just north of the island at 30/0800
UTC, bringing typhoon-force gusts and sustained tropical storm strength
winds. Strengthening resumed and the MSW reached 105 kts at 01/0000 UTC.
Nanmadol stuttered a bit after the intensity had risen to 125 kts at
01/1200 UTC, and even fell back a bit six hours later. However, the
tropical cyclone reached its peak intensity of 130 kts at 02/0000 UTC, a
super typhoon, centred 220 nm east of Manila, Philippines. Because of
its rapid translational speed Super Typhoon Nanmadol soon arrived at the
Luzon coastline and at 02/1200 UTC was poised to make landfall south of
the city of Casiguran. At this time, the system began to lose strength
and was downgraded from super typhoon status.
Turning northwestward Typhoon Nanmadol took roughly six hours to cross
the island of Luzon, and by 1800 UTC 2 December had reemerged back over
water. It had weakened slightly to 110 kts at this time, and likely its
rapid passage across the northern Philippines didn't allow time for the
system to weaken significantly. However, this period marked the
beginning of the end for the tropical cyclone. The northwesterly turn
was to take Nanmadol into a weakness in the subtropical ridge before
being dragged off by a major shortwave trough. In addition, upper-level
conditions in the vicinity of Taiwan were becoming increasingly
unfavourable. In response to this, Nanmadol weakened markedly during the
3rd as it gradually veered more towards the north. Cloud top
temperatures rapidly warmed and cold dry air was being sucked into the
storm's southwestern quadrant. In addition, the cloud pattern became
increasingly asymmetrical, a sign that extratropical transition was
beginning. At 03/1200 UTC the LLCC was exposed 130 nm to the south of
the deep convection--the centre was then located approximately 210 nm
southwest of Kaoshiung, Taiwan. The MSW had dropped to 65 kts by 03/1200
UTC, and six hours later, JTWC issued the final warning, lowering the
intensity down to a 55-kt extratropical storm. JMA continued issuing
bulletins, tracking Nanmadol east-northeastward across southern Taiwan
before ceasing to write bulletins at 04/0600 UTC. (See Huang Chunliang's
note in Meteorological Observations.) The remnants of Super Typhoon
Nanmadol continued to rapidly move to the east-northeast and northeast
and ultimately merged with another LOW, forming a powerful extratropical
cyclone which brought strong winds and advected unseasonably warm
temperatures to Japan.
At its peak intensity Super Typhoon Nanmadol was a large-sized
typhoon. Typhoon-force winds extended as far as 65 nm in the southwest
quadrant while gales lay up to 320 nm in the same quadrant. Strong winds
extended outward a shorter distance in the northeastern quadrant with
64-kt winds up to 35 nm and gales as far as 190 nm.
All Asian agencies, except PAGASA, estimated peak intensities of
90 kts with JMA estimating a minimum CP of 935 mb. PAGASA estimated a
peak MSW of 100 kts during the period Super Typhoon Nanmadol/Yoyong was
tracking through their AOR.
C. Meteorological Observations
------------------------------
Huang Chunliang's note: Severe Tropical Storm Nanmadol made landfall
in Taiwan's Pingtung County around 03/2340 UTC with a MSW of 25 m/s and
a CP of 985 hPa, making a name for itself as the first December tropical
cyclone to make landfall in the island in the past 108 years!
Also, this storm has turned out to be an extremely rare winter
tropical cyclone that affected my city. Fuzhou's coastal county of
Lianjiang recorded a 24-hr rainfall amount of 52.3 mm (03/00-04/00 UTC)
while the urban area (WMO 58847), where I live, reported an
uninterrupted daily accumulation of 29.7 mm during the same span, the
climatic average for the whole December being 28.8 mm. Both values were
rare for the city at this time of year.
D. Damage and Casualties
------------------------
Because Typhoon Muifa, Tropical Depressions Merbok and Winnie, and
Super Typhoon Nanmadol all occurred within a space of two weeks, the
exact number of casualties and total cost of damages of each may be
difficult to determine. However, the NDCC report indicated that Nanmadol
caused 70 fatalities, and 157 injuries with 37 persons unaccounted for.
This brings the total of tropical-system related deaths in the
Philippines to 1,060. The report also indicated that Nanmadol destroyed
10,457 houses and damaged 57,435. Agriculture also suffered badly as a
result of this typhoon with losses amounting to 2,036 million pesos.
E. Huang Chunliang Report from the Philippines
----------------------------------------------
=== Rainfall Obs from Philippines ===
(All dates in December)
Only daily amounts >= 100 mm listed:
CATANDUANES RADAR (WMO98447 13.98N 124.32E) 127.2 mm [01/00-02/00Z]
CATARMAN (WMO98546 12.50N 124.63E) 122.0 mm [01/00-02/00Z]
DAET (WMO98440 14.13N 122.98E) 228.1 mm [02/00-03/00Z]
TANAY (-------- 14.57N 121.37E) 145.6 mm [02/00-03/00Z]
VIRAC (WMO98446 13.58N 124.23E) 115.2 mm [02/00-03/00Z]
BAGUIO (WMO98328 16.42N 120.60E) 104.9 mm [02/00-03/00Z]
F. Huang Chunliang Report from China
------------------------------------
=== Report on Typhoon 0428 (NANMADOL)/Moderate ===
=== Typhoon 0427 (NANMADOL) from China ===
(All dates in December)
{Part I}. Landfall
==================
According to the CWB warnings, Weak Typhoon 0427 (Nanmadol) made land-
fall in southeastern Taiwan near Fangliao, Pingtung County, around
03/2340 UTC with a MSW of 28 m/s and a CP of 980 hPa. The storm then
entered the waters east of southern Taiwan from near Taimali, Taitung
County, around 04/0130 UTC before transforming into an extratropical
cyclone. As a result, Nanmadol made a name for itself as the first
December tropical cyclone in the past 108 years to make landfall
on the island (typhoon records began in the year 1897).
{Part II}. Rainfall Obs from Taiwan
===================================
Daily Rainfall [02/16-03/16Z] (only Top 5 listed):
Ranking Station ID City/County Rainfall (mm)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
01 CWB C1T83 Hualien County 907.0
02 CWB C0T82 Hualien County 728.0
03 CWB C1T94 Hualien County 632.0
04 CWB C1T95 Hualien County 628.0
05 CWB C1T98 Hualien County 494.5
Note: Puluowan (CWB C1T83) reported the highest storm total accumulation
of 1090 mm during the 35-hr period ending at 04/0300 UTC.
{Part III}. Rainfall Obs from Fujian
====================================
Nanmadol turned out to be an extremely rare winter tropical cyclone
that affected my city. In fact, before Nanmadol, there has never been
any tropical cyclone to affect Fujian in the month of December, according
to the meteorological records of the province.
Fuzhou's coastal county of Lianjiang recorded a 24-hr rainfall amount
of 52.3 mm [03/00-04/00Z] (Top 1 in Fujian Province that day), while the
urban area (WMO58847), where I live, reported an uninterrupted daily
accumulation of 29.7 mm during the same span, the climatic average for
the whole month of December being 28.8 mm. Both values were rare for
the city at this time of year.
{Part IV}. Rainfall Obs from Zhejiang
=====================================
Only daily amount >= 100 mm listed:
DACHEN DAO (WMO58666 28.45N 121.88E) 106.3 mm [03/00-04/00Z]
SHIPU (WMO58569 29.20N 121.95E) 101.9 mm [03/00-04/00Z]
YU-HUAN (WMO58667 28.13N 121.22E) 101.8 mm [03/00-04/00Z]
{Part V}. Damage and Casualties in Taiwan
=========================================
Nanmadol caused 2 deaths with another 2 persons missing in Taiwan.
Power supply to 26,588 households was disrupted during the storm. The
agricultural losses there were estimated to have been NT$ 670 million.
G. Huang Chunliang Report from Japan
------------------------------------
=== Report on Extratropical Cyclone ===
=== (December 4-5, 2004) ===
{Part I}. Introduction
======================
JMA regarded the cyclone as another extratropical system (rather
than "ex-Nanmadol") which formed north-northeast of Nanmadol around
04/0000 UTC, then absorbing the latter by 04/1200 UTC. I believe,
however, that it's acceptable to label the storm directly as
"ex-Nanmadol", though I didn't remember if any of the other agencies
had done so.
{Part II}. Meteorological Obs from Tokyo District
Meteorological Observatory
=================================================
Note 1: All the obs in this part were reported within the precinct of
Tokyo District Meteorological Observatory, including the prefectures of
Niigata, Toyama, Ishikawa, Fukui, Ibaraki, Gumma, Tochigi, Saitama,
Tokyo, Chiba, Kanagawa, Yamanashi, Nagano, Shizuoka, Gifu, Aichi and Mie.
Note 2: "*" = record-breaking values for relevant stations.
Note 3: "#" = record-breaking values of December for relevant stations.
1. Top-5 Storm Total [03/1500-05/1500Z] Obs
-------------------------------------------
Ranking Prefecture Station Rainfall (mm)
-------------------------------------------------------------
01 Mie Owase 230
02 Mie Mihama 222
03 Shizuoka Amagisan 210
04 Shizuoka Umegashima 202
05 Shizuoka Ikawa 201
05 Shizuoka Honkawane 201
2. Top-5 Peak Sustained Wind (10-min avg) Obs
---------------------------------------------
Ranking Station Peak wind (mps)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
01 Miyake-tsubota, Tokyo (JMA44228, Alt 20m) 30 [04/2030Z]
02 Chiba, Chiba (WMO47682, Alt 4m) #24.5 [04/2130Z]
03 Ojima, Tokyo (WMO47675, Alt 74m) #24.4 [04/2110Z]
04 Irouzaki, Shizuoka (WMO47666, Alt 55m) 24.3 [04/1950Z]
05 Haneda, Tokyo (JMA44166, Alt 6m) 24 [04/2140Z]
3. Peak Gust Obs (only those >= 40 m/s listed)
----------------------------------------------
Ranking Station Peak wind (mps)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
01 Ojima, Tokyo (WMO47675, Alt 74m) #48.3 [04/2032Z]
02 Chiba, Chiba (WMO47682, Alt 4m) #47.8 [04/2141Z]
03 Katsuura, Chiba (WMO47674, Alt 12m) #43.7 [04/2208Z]
04 Yokohama, Kanagawa (WMO47670, Alt 39m) #43.4 [04/2050Z]
05 Irouzaki, Shizuoka (WMO47666, Alt 55m) #41.6 [04/1942Z]
06 Omaezaki, Shizuoka (WMO47655, Alt 45m) #41.3 [04/1936Z]
07 Choshi, Chiba (WMO47648, Alt 20m) #41.0 [04/2151Z]
08 Hachijojima, Tokyo (WMO47678, Alt 79m) 40.3 [04/2217Z]
09 Tokyo, Tokyo (WMO47662, Alt 6m) *#40.2 [04/2120Z]
4. Top-5 SLP Obs
----------------
Ranking Station Min SLP (hPa)
----------------------------------------------------------------
01 Mito, Ibaraki (WMO47629) 974.4 [04/2155Z]
02 Tokyo, Tokyo (WMO47662) 975.6 [04/2116Z]
03 Takayama, Gifu (WMO47617) 976.1 [04/1906Z]
04 Utsunomiya, Tochigi (WMO47615) 976.2 [04/2142Z]
05 Yokohama, Kanagawa (WMO47670) 976.9 [04/2056Z]
{Part III}. The most significant obs available to me from other
prefectures
===============================================================
Tomogashima, Wakayama (JMA65036, 34.28N 135.00E, Alt 43m) reported a
peak sustained wind (10-min avg) of 31 m/s [04/1630Z] during the storm,
while Shishikui, Tokushima (JMA71316, 33.56N 134.31E, Alt 4m) recorded
a storm total rainfall of 269 mm [03/2200--04/1700Z].
{Part IV} References
====================
<http://www.tokyo-jma.go.jp/sub_index/bosai/disaster/20041206/20041206.pdf>
(Japanese version only)>
<http://www.jma.go.jp> (Japanese version)
(Report written by Kevin Boyle with significant contributions by
Huang Chunliang)
*************************************************************************
NORTH INDIAN OCEAN (NIO) - Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea
Activity for November: 1 deep depression **
1 severe cyclonic storm ++
** - this system classified as a tropical storm by JTWC
++ - this system classified as a hurricane by JTWC
NOTE!!! The North Indian Ocean basin was covered in the first install-
ment of the November summary.
*************************************************************************
SOUTHWEST INDIAN OCEAN (SWI) - South Indian Ocean West of Longitude 90E
Activity for November: 1 severe tropical storm **
1 very intense tropical cyclone
** - this system classified as a minimal hurricane (cyclone) by JTWC
NOTE!!! The Southwest Indian Ocean basin was covered in the first
installment of the November summary.
*************************************************************************
NORTHWEST AUSTRALIA/SOUTHEAST INDIAN OCEAN (AUW) - From 90E to 135E
Activity for November: No tropical cyclones
*************************************************************************
NORTHEAST AUSTRALIA/CORAL SEA (AUE) - From 135E to 160E
Activity for November: No tropical cyclones
*************************************************************************
SOUTH PACIFIC (SPA) - South Pacific Ocean East of Longitude 160E
Activity for November: No tropical cyclones
*************************************************************************
SPECIAL FEATURE - SOURCES OF TROPICAL CYCLONE INFORMATION
The purpose of this section is to list some websites where many and
varied types of tropical cyclone information are archived. Many readers
will know about these already, but for the benefit of those who don't,
I wanted to include them.
(1) Aircraft Reconnaissance Information
---------------------------------------
Various types of messages from reconnaissance aircraft may be
retrieved from the following FTP site:
<ftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/pub/products/nhc/recon/>
Information regarding how to interpret the coded reconnaissance
messages may be found at the following URL:
<http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/reconlist.shtml>
Links are also included to websites with further information about the
U. S. Air Force 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron and the NOAA Air-
craft Operations Center.
(2) Archived Advisories
-----------------------
All the advisory products (public advisories, forecast/advisories,
strike probabilities, discussions, various graphics) issued by TPC/NHC
are archived on TPC's website. For the current year (using 2004 as an
example), the archived products can be found at:
<http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2004/index.shtml>
Links to tropical products archives for earlier years are available at
the following URL:
<http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastall.shtml>
JTWC warnings for past storms are archived on the NRL Monterry website:
<http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tc_pages/tc_home.html>
On the NRL site, the link to past years can be found in the upper left
corner of the screen.
I am not aware at the moment of any other TCWC which archives all
its tropical cyclone warning/advisory products for public access, but
if I learn of any, I will add them to this list.
(3) Satellite Imagery
---------------------
Satellite images of tropical cyclones in various sensor bands are
available on the NRL Monterrey and University of Wisconsin websites,
courtesy of Jeff Hawkins and Chris Velden and their associates. The
links are:
<http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tc_pages/tc_home.html>
<http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/tropic/tropic.html>
On the NRL site, the link to past years can be found in the upper left
corner of the screen. For the CIMSS site, a link to data archives is
located in the lower left portion of the screen.
I'm sure there are other sites with available imagery available, and
as I learn of them, I will add the links to this list.
*************************************************************************
EXTRA FEATURE
In order to shorten the amount of typing in preparing the narrative
material, I have been in the habit of freely using abbreviations and
acronyms. I have tried to define most of these with the first usage
in a given summary, but I may have missed one now and then. Most of
these are probably understood by a majority of readers but perhaps a
few aren't clear to some. To remedy this I developed a Glossary of
Abbreviations and Acronyms which I first included in the August, 1998
summary. I don't normally include the Glossary in most months in
order to help keep them from being too long. If anyone would like to
receive a copy of the Glossary, please e-mail me and I'll be happy
to send them a copy.
*************************************************************************
AUTHOR'S NOTE: This summary should be considered a very preliminary
overview of the tropical cyclones that occur in each month. The cyclone
tracks (provided separately) will generally be based upon operational
warnings issued by the various tropical cyclone warning centers. The
information contained therein may differ somewhat from the tracking and
intensity information obtained from a "best-track" file which is based
on a detailed post-seasonal analysis of all available data. Information
on where to find official "best-track" files from the various warning
centers will be passed along from time to time.
The track files are not being sent via e-mail. They can be retrieved
from the archive sites listed below. (Note: I do have a limited e-mail
distribution list for the track files. If anyone wishes to receive
these via e-mail, please send me a message.)
Both the summaries and the track files are standard text files
created in DOS editor. Download to disk and use a viewer such as
Notepad or DOS editor to view the files.
The first summary in this series covered the month of October,
1997. Back issues can be obtained from the following websites
(courtesy of Michael Bath, Michael V. Padua, Michael Pitt, Chris
Landsea, and John Diebolt):
<http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/>
<http://www.typhoon2000.ph>
<http://mpittweather.com>
<ftp://ftp.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/pub/landsea/padgett/>
<http://www.tropicalcyclone2005.com/>
Another website where much information about tropical cyclones may
be found is the website for the UK Meteorological Office. Their site
contains a lot of statistical information about tropical cyclones
globally on a monthly basis. The URL is:
<http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/tropicalcyclone>
TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORTS AVAILABLE
JTWC now has available on its website the Annual Tropical Cyclone
Report (ATCR) for 2004 (2003-2004 season for the Southern Hemisphere).
ATCRs for earlier years are available also.
The URL is: <http://199.10.200.33/jtwc.html>
Also, TPC/NHC has available on its webpage nice "technicolor"
tracking charts for the 2004 Atlantic and Eastern North Pacific
tropical cyclones; also, storm reports for all the 2004 Atlantic
and Eastern North Pacific cyclones are now available, as well as
track charts and reports on storms from earlier years.
The URL is: <http://www.nhc.noaa.gov>
A special thanks to Michael Bath of McLeans Ridges, New South Wales,
Australia, for assisting me with proofreading the summaries.
PREPARED BY
Gary Padgett
E-mail: garyp@alaweb.com
Phone: 334-222-5327
Kevin Boyle (Eastern Atlantic, Western Northwest Pacific, South
China Sea)
E-mail: newchapelobservatory@btinternet.com
John Wallace (Assistance with Eastern North Pacific)
E-mail: dosidicus@aol.com
Huang Chunliang (Assistance with Western Northwest Pacific, South
China Sea)
E-mail: huangchunliang@hotmail.com
Simon Clarke (Northeast Australia/Coral Sea, South Pacific)
E-mail: saclarke@iprimus.com.au
*************************************************************************
*************************************************************************
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